Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of the cognitive processes underlying the acquisition and use of knowledge. It draws from converging evidence and methodology of diverse fields, including psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science, anthropology and linguistics. The term cognitive science was coined by Christopher Longuet-Higgins in his 1973 commentary on the Lighthill report, which concerned the then-current state of Artificial Intelligence research. In the same decade, the journal Cognitive Science and the Cognitive Science Society began. Levels of Analysis One of the central principles of systemics applied in the symbolic approach to cognitive science is that (1) there are different Levels of Analysis (LOA) from which the brain and mind can be studied, and (2) mental phenomena are best studied from multiple levels of abstraction. For example, these levels are broken into three (not well separated) groups, based on Marr's description of them: Computational (Behavioral) level: describes the directly observable output (or behavior) of a system. Algorithmic (Functional) level: describes how information is processed to produce the behavioral output. Implementational (Physical) level: describes the physical substrate that the system consists of (e.g. the brain; neurons).
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